Effects of dietary vitamin D3 levels on survival, mineralization, and skeletal development of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae

Vitamin D is an essential fat soluble micronutrient that helps in growth, bone development, calcium homeostasis and other metabolic process. The study on effect of vitamin D3 marine fish larvae were very scarce irrespective species. present determines the impacts dietary growth performance, absorption, mineralization, skeletal anomalies during development gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) was assessed until 47 days post hatching. Diets containing four levels (0, 25, 30, 384 μg kg−1 or 11.6, 1000, 1200, 15,360 IU kg−1) formulated to determine at deficient, excess, optimum levels. fed with this wide range presented a constant all diets but signs toxicity excess level, affecting survival, uptake, biomarker mechanism larvae, which resulted increased mortality. An increase up significantly raised whole body content, calcium, phosphorus intake incidence anomalies, particularly cranial anomalies. appearance association upregulation bmp2, alp, oc gene expression. However, 0, 30 showed higher survival than group D3. Meanwhile deficient diet 0 lower mineralization rate maxillary anomaly. Thus, current revealed evidence deficiency as well developmental process conclude recommended level for may between 25 improves larval phosphate vertebral reduced